Costs and benefits of Daphnia defense against Chaoborus in nature

نویسندگان

  • Wiebke J. Boeing
  • Björn Wissel
  • Charles W. Ramcharan
چکیده

To estimate costs and benefits of antipredator defenses in the Chaoborus–Daphnia system, we employed lake enclosures wherein controls (C) had no predators, the predation (P) treatment had freely swimming Chaoborus, and the kairomone (K) treatment predators were sequestered in a mesh tube apart from the Daphnia. Population growth (r) of two Daphnia pulex clones, one responsive (RC) and the other nonresponsive (NRC) to Chaoborus kairomone, was estimated for each predator treatment. Cost of defense was calculated as r(C,RC) – r(K,RC). Benefit was calculated as r(P,RC) – r(P,NRC). Antipredator defenses of Daphnia towards Chaoborus kairomone led to a 32% reduction in population growth in nature. The benefit of the defense, however, was a short-term 68% enhanced population growth by a responsive over a nonresponsive clone in the presence of the actual predation threat. The benefit of the defense exceeded the cost, but cost was nevertheless substantial. Our results verify that the in situ effects of Chaoborus on Daphnia involve direct and indirect impacts. Résumé : Afin d’évaluer les coûts et les bénéfices des défenses contre les prédateurs dans le système Chaoborus– Daphnia, nous avons utilisé une série d’enclos lacustres: les enclos témoins (C) ne contenaient aucun prédateur, les enclos de prédation (P) avaient des Chaoborus en nage libre et les enclos de kairomone (K) contenaient des Chaoborus enfermés dans des tubes de grillage séparément des Daphnia. Nous avons mesuré la croissance de la population (r) chez deux clones de Daphnia pulex, l’un (RC) sensible et l’autre insensible (NRC) à la kairomone de Chaoborus. Les coûts de la défense sont représentés par r(C,RC) – r(K, RC) et les bénéfices par r(P,RC) – r(P,NRC). Les défenses contre les prédateurs de Daphnia en réaction à la kairomne de Chaoborus entraînent une réduction de 32 % de la croissance de la population en nature. Les bénéfices de la défense sont, par ailleurs, une croissance additionnelle à court terme de la population de l’ordre de 68 % chez le clone sensible, par rapport au clone insensible, en présence d’une menace réelle de prédation. Les bénéfices de la défense dépassent les coûts, bien que ces derniers soient importants. Nos résultats confirment que les effets in situ de Chaoborus sur Daphnia impliquent des impacts directs et indirects. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Boeing et al. 1294

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

منابع مشابه

Chaoborus and Gasterosteus Anti-Predator Responses in Daphnia pulex Are Mediated by Independent Cholinergic and Gabaergic Neuronal Signals

Many prey species evolved inducible defense strategies that protect effectively against predation threats. Especially the crustacean Daphnia emerged as a model system for studying the ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Daphnia pulex e.g. shows different phenotypic adaptations against vertebrate and invertebrate predators. In response to the invertebrate phantom midge larvae Chaoborus ...

متن کامل

Experiments on the influence of Chaoborus brasiliensis Theobald, 1901 (Diptera: Chaoboridae) on the diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre, Brazil.

The aim of this work was to evaluate whether diel vertical migration of microcrustaceans from Lake Monte Alegre is related to invertebrate predators, namely larvae of Chaoborus brasiliensis. The hypothesis tested in the experiments was that the migratory behaviour of prey would depend on physical contact with Chaoborus brasiliensis larvae or with kairomones released by them. Two experiments wer...

متن کامل

Progress toward understanding the neurophysiological basis of predator-induced morphology in Daphnia pulex.

Previous studies have demonstrated that certain pesticides, including carbaryl and endosulfan, can modulate the expression of predator-induced morphology in Daphnia. These pesticides affect the transmission of nervous impulses in vertebrates and invertebrates. The aim of this study was to determine the role of two neurotransmitter systems, excitatory cholinergic transmission and inhibitory gamm...

متن کامل

Predator-spreaders: predation can enhance parasite success in a planktonic host-parasite system.

The "healthy herds" hypothesis suggests that selective predators, by acting as parasite sinks, may inhibit the start of epidemics and reduce prevalence of infection. Here, we describe a counter-example using field patterns, experiments, and a model. The predator Chaoborus releases infective spores of a fungal parasite and, in doing so, may facilitate epidemics in Daphnia populations. In the fie...

متن کامل

Phenotypic plasticity in three Daphnia genotypes in response to predator kairomone: evidence for an involvement of chitin deacetylases.

The genetic background of inducible morphological defences in Daphnia is still largely unknown. Dissolved infochemicals from the aquatic larvae of the phantom midge Chaoborus induce so-called 'neck-teeth' in the first three post-embryonic stages of Daphnia pulex This defence has become a textbook example of inducible defences. In a target gene approach, by using three Daphnia genotypes which sh...

متن کامل

ذخیره در منابع من


  با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید

برای دانلود متن کامل این مقاله و بیش از 32 میلیون مقاله دیگر ابتدا ثبت نام کنید

ثبت نام

اگر عضو سایت هستید لطفا وارد حساب کاربری خود شوید

عنوان ژورنال:

دوره   شماره 

صفحات  -

تاریخ انتشار 2005